Contents
2. Person from the Past: Leonardo Da Vinci
4. History with Tenses and Conditionals
6. Answer Keys
1. Word of the Week
augment (v.): to make something greater by adding to it; to enhance or increase in size, amount, or strength; to make something better or more valuable
Example sentences:
1. The company decided to augment their marketing efforts by hiring a new agency.
2. The new technology will augment the capabilities of the current system.
3. She augmented her income by teaching classes on the weekends.
4. The government is planning to augment the military with new equipment.
5. The singer augmented her performance with the use of a live band.
2. Person from the Past: Leonardo Da Vinci
Video
Summary
Leonardo da Vinci, an Italian polymath born in 1452, is celebrated as one of history’s most brilliant minds. His diverse talents spanned art, engineering, and science. His contributions continue to influence and inspire people around the world.
Facts
- Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Tuscany, Italy, and passed away in France in 1519.
- He was accomplished in various fields including art, engineering, science, and architecture.
- Notable works include the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
- Educated in Florence, he mastered skills in painting, sculpture, and metalworking.
- Worked for influential patrons such as the Medici family and the Duke of Milan.
- In Milan, he contributed to engineering and military projects and designed machines like tanks and submarines.
- Leonardo was also a scientist, studying anatomy, botany, geology, and astronomy.
- He documented his observations and ideas in detail in his notebooks.
- His fascination with flight led to designs for helicopters, gliders.
- Leonardo’s legacy as a Renaissance man continues to inspire people globally.
Vocabulary Exercise
Choose the correct word in parentheses to complete each sentence.
- Leonardo da Vinci was a polymath, known for his [versatile/limited] talents and interests.
- He was an accomplished [businessman/inventor], credited with designing various machines and devices.
- Leonardo was not only an artist but also a brilliant [actor/theorist] and scientist.
- The architect designed many buildings and structures, showcasing his [architectural/engineering] genius.
- He created several sculptures that demonstrated his mastery of [metalworking/sculpting].
- Leonardo had a keen interest in [music/anatomy] and dissected human corpses to study the human body.
- Leonardo’s notebooks contain numerous sketches and diagrams illustrating his ideas and [observations/navigations].
- Leonardo conceptualized designs for various flying machines, including the [catapult/helicopter] and glider.
- Leonardo even designed an early prototype of [a submarine/an aircraft carrier].
- His curiosity and creativity [were limited/knew no bounds] as he explored various fields of study.
- Leonardo da Vinci’s [lineage/legacy] continues to inspire artists and scientists to this day.
- His contributions to art, science, and [engineering/mining] have left a lasting impact on society.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
Are you enjoying this lesson? Support us to keep it free for everyone – click on the “Donate” button …
Donate… or go to this page:
3. This Week in History
On July 21, 1969, Neil Armstrong stepped onto the Moon’s surface during NASA’s Apollo 11 mission, famously saying, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” This marked a pinnacle of space exploration.
Apollo 11 Lunar Lander
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. Neil Armstrong (person): The first person to walk on the moon, in 1969
b. surface (n.): the outside or top layer of something
c. pinnacle (n.): the highest or most successful point of something
d. space exploration (n.): the investigation of outer space using spacecraft and technology
1. When the spaceship landed, the astronauts walked on the moon’s ____________.
2. ____________ has led to many scientific discoveries.
3. Winning the Nobel Prize was the ____________ of her career.
4. ______________ became famous around the world after stepping onto the moon.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
On July 22, 1933, American aviator Wiley Post completed the first solo flight around the world, a feat that advanced aviation and demonstrated human endurance.
Wiley Post and Douglas Haight
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. solo flight (adj.+n.): a flight made by a pilot flying alone
b. feat (adj.+n.): a remarkable or difficult achievement
c. aviation (n.): the activity or industry of flying aircraft
d. endurance (n.): the ability to continue doing something difficult for a long time
1. Climbing Mount Everest is an incredible ____________ of strength and determination.
2. Her first ____________ was a proud moment in her training as a pilot.
3. Running a marathon takes a lot of physical and mental ____________.
4. He’s been passionate about ____________ since childhood.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
On July 23, 1952, the Egyptian military, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, overthrew King Farouk in a coup, ending the monarchy and establishing a republic, reshaping Middle Eastern politics.
Gamal Abdel Nasser in Saudi Arabia (1954)
Vocabulary exercise
a. Gamal Abdel Nasser (n.): the president of Egypt who led a revolution and helped end the monarchy
b. coup (n.): a sudden and illegal takeover of a government, usually by force
c. monarchy (n.): a system of government ruled by a king or queen
d. republic (n.): a form of government where leaders are elected by the people
1. The army led a ____________ to remove the king from power.
2. In a ____________, citizens vote for their leaders.
3. The country changed from a ____________ to a republic after the revolution.
4. ________________ played a key role in turning Egypt into a republic.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
On July 24, 1911, American academic, explorer and politician Hiram Bingham III re-discovered Machu Picchu, “the Lost City of the Incas” with the guidance of local indigenous farmers in southern Peru.
Machu Picchu, Peru
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. academic (n.): a person who teaches or does research at a college or university
b. Machu Picchu (place): an ancient Inca city located in the Andes Mountains of Peru, known for its impressive stone structures and beauty
c. Inca (people): a member of the South American people who built a large empire in the Andes before the Spanish arrived
d. indigenous (adj.): describing the original people of a region, especially before colonization
1. ____________ people have lived in the Amazon rainforest for thousands of years.
2. The ____________ were skilled builders and created roads across mountains and valleys.
3. ____________ is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.
4. The ____________ gave a lecture on ancient civilizations.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
On July 25, 2010, WikiLeaks published classified documents about the War in Afghanistan, one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history.
Street market in Afghanistan (2013)
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. WikiLeaks (n.): an organization that publishes secret or classified information, often from governments
b. classified document (n.) a government file that contains secret information and is not supposed to be shared with the public
c. War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) (n.): a conflict started by the U.S. after the 9/11 attacks, lasting 20 years, mainly involving the Taliban and U.S.-led forces
d. leak (of information) (n.): the act of secretly giving out private or sensitive information
1. The __________________ became the longest conflict in U.S. history.
2. The journalist was arrested for publishing a _________________.
3. The ____________ of government emails caused a political scandal.
4. ______________ released thousands of files that shocked the international community.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
On July 26, 1990, US President George H.W. Bush signed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a landmark law promoting accessibility and equal rights for people with disabilities.
President George H. W. Bush signs into law the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. landmark (adj.): describes something that is very important, significant, or notable
b. (to) promote (v.): to support or encourage something to grow or succeed
c. accessibility (n.): the ease with which people can use or reach something
d. equal rights (n.): the idea that all people should be treated the same by law
e. people with disabilities (phr.): individuals who have physical or mental conditions that limit movement, senses, or activities
1. Ramps improve ____________ for people in wheelchairs.
2. The school added services to better support _______________________.
3. The campaign ____________ healthier lifestyles.
4. They marched to demand _______________ for everyone.
5. The law was a ____________ moment in the fight for civil rights.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
On July 27, 1953, the Korean War armistice was signed, ending active combat between North and South Korea and establishing the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
Korean War armistice agreement (1953)
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. Korean War (n.): a war between North and South Korea from 1950 to 1953
b. armistice (n.): an agreement to stop fighting without ending a war completely
c. active combat (adj.+n.): direct and ongoing fighting during a war
d. Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) (n.): a border area between North and South Korea where no military activity is allowed
1. An ____________ was signed to pause the conflict.
2. The _______________ ended with an armistice but no peace treaty.
3. The Korean ____________ is one of the most heavily guarded borders in the world.
4. Thousands of soldiers were involved in _______________.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
4. History with Tenses and Conditionals
Historical event: On July 21, 1969, Neil Armstrong stepped onto the Moon’s surface during NASA’s Apollo 11 mission, famously saying, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” This marked a pinnacle of space exploration.
PRESENT TENSES
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs
Simple Present Tense: Examples: a) He walks to the shop every day. b) He lives near the shop. c) One plus one equals two.
This ______ (to be) one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
Present Continuous Tense: Example: He is walking to the shop.
The astronaut _______________ (walk) on the Moon right now.
Present Perfect Tense: Examples: a) He has walked to the shop many times. b) He has lived near the shop for ten years.
Twelve astronauts _____________ (walk) on the Moon.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense: Examples: a) He has been walking to the shop for more than an hour. b) He has been going to the shop a lot lately.
The astronaut __________________ (walk) on the Moon for a few minutes.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
PAST TENSES
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs
Simple Past Tense: Example: He walked to the shop yesterday afternoon.
Neil Armstrong __________ (walk) on the Moon in 1969.
Past Continuous Tense: Example: He was walking to the shop when I saw him.
Neil Armstrong _____________ (walk) on the Moon when he said his famous words.
Past Perfect Tense: Example: He had already walked to the shop when I saw him.
Neil Armstrong _____________ (walk) on the Moon before returning to the lunar module.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Example: He had been walking to the shop for over an hour when I saw him.
Neil Armstrong __________________ (walk) on the Moon for some time before the broadcast ended.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
FUTURE TENSES
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs
Simple Future Tense: Example: He will walk to the shop this afternoon.
Neil Armstrong _____________ (walk) on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission.
Future Continuous Tense: Example: He will be walking to the shop by the time I go to work.
Neil Armstrong _________________ (walk) on the Moon while the world watches on TV.
Future Perfect Tense: Examples: a) By the time I see him, he will already have walked to the shop. b) By this afternoon, he will already have walked to the shop.
Neil Armstrong _________________ (walk) on the Moon by the end of the mission.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense: Example: He will have been walking to the shop for an hour by the time you see him.
Neil Armstrong ______________________ (walk) on the Moon for half an hour when the team calls him back.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
CONDITIONALS
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs
First conditional: Example: If it rains, I will stay at home. (Real future possibility)
If something _________ (go) wrong, the astronaut __________________ (not walk) on the Moon.
Second conditional: Example: If I won the lottery, I would quit my job. (Imagined present scenario)
If Neil Armstrong ___________ (walk) on the Moon today, people _______________ (watch) online.
Third conditional: Example: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. (Unreal past situation)
If the mission ______________ (fail), Neil Armstrong ________________________ (not walk) on the Moon.
(Audio included with the answer key at the end of this lesson)
5. Quote of the Week
“Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.” ~ Mahatma Gandhi
6. Answer Keys
2. Person from the Past: Leonardo Da Vinci
Choose the correct word in parentheses to complete each sentence.
- Leonardo da Vinci was a polymath, known for his [versatile/limited] talents and interests.
- He was an accomplished [businessman/inventor], credited with designing various machines and devices.
- Leonardo was not only an artist but also a brilliant [actor/theorist] and scientist.
- The architect designed many buildings and structures, showcasing his [architectural/engineering] genius.
- He created several sculptures that demonstrated his mastery of [metalworking/sculpting].
- Leonardo had a keen interest in [music/anatomy] and dissected human corpses to study the human body.
- Leonardo’s notebooks contain numerous sketches and diagrams illustrating his ideas and [observations/navigations].
- Leonardo conceptualized designs for various flying machines, including the [catapult/helicopter] and glider.
- Leonardo even designed an early prototype of [a submarine/an aircraft carrier].
- His curiosity and creativity [were limited/knew no bounds] as he explored various fields of study.
- Leonardo da Vinci’s [lineage/legacy] continues to inspire artists and scientists to this day.
- His contributions to art, science, and [engineering/mining] have left a lasting impact on society.
3. This Week in History
Historical event #1: Neil Armstrong (1969)
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. Neil Armstrong (person): The first person to walk on the moon, in 1969
b. surface (n.): the outside or top layer of something
c. pinnacle (n.): the highest or most successful point of something
d. space exploration (n.): the investigation of outer space using spacecraft and technology
1. When the spaceship landed, the astronauts walked on the moon’s surface.
2. Space exploration has led to many scientific discoveries.
3. Winning the Nobel Prize was the pinnacle of her career.
4. Neil Armstrong became famous around the world after stepping onto the moon.
Historical event #2: Wiley Post (1933)
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. solo flight (adj.+n.): a flight made by a pilot flying alone
b. feat (adj.+n.): a remarkable or difficult achievement
c. aviation (n.): the activity or industry of flying aircraft
d. endurance (n.): the ability to continue doing something difficult for a long time
1. Climbing Mount Everest is an incredible feat of strength and determination.
2. Her first solo flight was a proud moment in her training as a pilot.
3. Running a marathon takes a lot of physical and mental endurance.
4. He’s been passionate about aviation since childhood.
Historical event #3: Gamal Abdel Nasser (1952)
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. Gamal Abdel Nasser (n.): the president of Egypt who led a revolution and helped end the monarchy
b. coup (n.): a sudden and illegal takeover of a government, usually by force
c. monarchy (n.): a system of government ruled by a king or queen
d. republic (n.): a form of government where leaders are elected by the people
1. The army led a coup to remove the king from power.
2. In a republic, citizens vote for their leaders.
3. The country changed from a monarchy to a republic after the revolution.
4. Gamal Abdel Nasser played a key role in turning Egypt into a republic.
Historical event #4: Machu Picchu (1911)
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. academic (n.): a person who teaches or does research at a college or university
b. Machu Picchu (place): an ancient Inca city located in the Andes Mountains of Peru, known for its impressive stone structures and beauty
c. Inca (people): a member of the South American people who built a large empire in the Andes before the Spanish arrived
d. indigenous (adj.): describing the original people of a region, especially before colonization
1. Indigenous people have lived in the Amazon rainforest for thousands of years.
2. The Inca were skilled builders and created roads across mountains and valleys.
3. Machu Picchu is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.
4. The academic gave a lecture on ancient civilizations.
Historical event #5: WikiLeaks (2010)
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. WikiLeaks (n.): an organization that publishes secret or classified information, often from governments
b. classified document (n.) a government file that contains secret information and is not supposed to be shared with the public
c. War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) (n.): a conflict started by the U.S. after the 9/11 attacks, lasting 20 years, mainly involving the Taliban and U.S.-led forces
d. leak (of information) (n.): the act of secretly giving out private or sensitive information
1. The War in Afghanistan became the longest conflict in U.S. history.
2. The journalist was arrested for publishing a classified document.
3. The leak of government emails caused a political scandal.
4. WikiLeaks released thousands of files that shocked the international community.
Historical event #6: Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. landmark (adj.): describes something that is very important, significant, or notable
b. (to) promote (v.): to support or encourage something to grow or succeed
c. accessibility (n.): the ease with which people can use or reach something
d. equal rights (n.): the idea that all people should be treated the same by law
e. people with disabilities (phr.): individuals who have physical or mental conditions that limit movement, senses, or activities
1. Ramps improve accessibility for people in wheelchairs.
2. The school added services to better support people with disabilities.
3. The campaign promotes healthier lifestyles.
4. They marched to demand equal rights for everyone.
5. The law was a landmark moment in the fight for civil rights.
Historical event #7: Korean War Armistice (1953)
Vocabulary exercise
Read the definitions of words and phrases. Then complete each sentence with one of the bold words or phrases.
a. Korean War (n.): a war between North and South Korea from 1950 to 1953
b. armistice (n.): an agreement to stop fighting without ending a war completely
c. active combat (adj.+n.): direct and ongoing fighting during a war
d. Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) (n.): a border area between North and South Korea where no military activity is allowed
1. An armistice was signed to pause the conflict.
2. The Korean War ended with an armistice but no peace treaty.
3. The Korean DMZ is one of the most heavily guarded borders in the world.
4. Thousands of soldiers were involved in active combat.
4. History with Tenses and Conditionals
PRESENT TENSES
Simple Present Tense: This is one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
Present Continuous Tense: The astronaut is walking on the Moon right now.
Present Perfect Tense: Twelve astronauts have walked on the Moon.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense: The astronaut has been walking on the Moon for a few minutes.
PAST TENSES
Simple Past Tense: Neil Armstrong walked on the Moon in 1969.
Past Continuous Tense: Neil Armstrong was walking on the Moon when he said his famous words.
Past Perfect Tense: Neil Armstrong had walked on the Moon before returning to the lunar module.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Neil Armstrong had been walking on the Moon for some time before the broadcast ended.
FUTURE TENSES
Simple Future Tense: Neil Armstrong will walk on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission.
Future Continuous Tense: Neil Armstrong will be walking on the Moon while the world watches on TV.
Future Perfect Tense: Neil Armstrong will have walked on the Moon by the end of the mission.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense: Neil Armstrong will have been walking on the Moon for half an hour when the team calls him back.
CONDITIONALS
First conditional: If something goes wrong, the astronaut will not walk on the Moon.
Second conditional: If Neil Armstrong walked on the Moon today, people would watch online.
Third conditional: If the mission had failed, Neil Armstrong wouldn’t have walked on the Moon.
That’s it for English class this week! See you next Friday!
Did you enjoy this lesson? Support us to keep it free for everyone – click on the “Donate” button …
… or go to this page: